ABSTRACT
Abstract Purpose: Topical hypothermia and local ischemic preconditioning have been shown to reduce renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury individually. We examined whether combination of both strategies lessens renal I/R injury. Methods: Post right nephrectomy, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five experimental protocols performed in the left kidney: topical hypothermia without ischemia (TH), warm ischemia (IR), ischemic preconditioning followed by warm ischemia (IPC+IR), cold ischemia (TH+IR), and ischemic preconditioning followed by cold ischemia (IPC+TH+IR). Eight randomly assigned right kidneys constituted the control group. After 240 min of reperfusion, the left kidney was retrieved to evaluate histological changes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity. Serum was collected to evaluate urea and creatinine. Results: IPC+TH+IR group revealed no difference to any other group subjected to ischemia in relation to histological changes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity. Creatinine was lower in IPC+TH+IR group compared with IPC+IR, but showed no difference compared to TH+IR group. Conclusions: Combination of local ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and topical hypothermia conferred no protection in renal I/R injury. Moreover, local IPC solely followed by warm ischemia impaired renal function more than warm ischemia alone.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Ischemic Preconditioning/methods , Hypothermia, Induced/methods , Kidney/pathology , Lipid Peroxidation , Reperfusion Injury/pathology , Reperfusion Injury/blood , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Disease Models, Animal , Kidney/blood supply , Kidney/chemistry , NephrectomyABSTRACT
RACIONAL: O tratamento cirúrgico do divertículo de Zenker inclui na maioria dos casos a cricomiotomia do músculo cricofaríngeo, a qual pode ser associada à diverticulopexia ou diverticulectomia. A escolha destas opções cirúrgicas ainda é controversa. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados de dois tratamentos cirúrgicos (diverticulopexia ou diverticulectomia, ambos associados à cricomiotomia) em uma série de casos. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo em período de 10 anos de 26 pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico do divertículo de Zenker. Para análise estatística, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 - diverticulectomia (n=17) e Grupo 2 - diverticulopexia (n=9). Em todos realizou-se miotomia. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: tempo cirúrgico, de internação e de início da alimentação via oral, complicações gerais, ocorrência de fístulas, recidiva dos sintomas e mortalidade. Consideraram-se diferenças significativas quando P<0.05. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 64 anos. Sintomas pré-operatórios principais: disfagia (91 por cento) e regurgitação (46 por cento). Todos foram investigados com estudo radiográfico contrastado de faringe-esôfago-estômago e 58 por cento dos casos com endoscopia digestiva alta. Não houve diferença significativa entre os Grupos 1 e 2 em relação ao tempo operatório (96 x 99 min), tempo de internação (5,5 x 5 dias), início da alimentação via oral (7,5 x 4 dias), ocorrência de fístulas esôfago-cutâneas (35 x 22 por cento), recidiva da disfagia (6 x 11 por cento), complicações pós-operatórias em geral (41 x 33 por cento) e tempo de seguimento (7,5 x 9 meses). A mortalidade foi nula. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico do divertículo de Zenker é método terapêutico relativamente seguro, com morbidade aceitável e seus resultados independem da opção por ressecção ou pexia do divertículo.
BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of Zenker's Diverticulum comprise in the majority of cases cricopharyngeal miotomy, which may be associated with diverticulopexy or diverticulectomy. The election of these surgical options remains controversial. AIM: To evaluate the results of two surgical treatments (diverticulopexy or diverticulectomy, both associated with miotomy) in a case series. METHODS: Retrospective study comprising a 10-year period of 26 patients submitted to surgical treatment of Zenker's Diverticulum. For statistical analysis, patients were divided in two groups: Group 1 - diverticulectomy (n=17), and Group 2 - diverticulopexy (n=9). All were submitted also to a cricomiotomy. The following variables were evaluated: operative time, in-hospital stay, time to initiate oral feeding, general complications, fistula occurrence, symptom recurrence and mortality. Significant differences considered when P<0.05. RESULTS: Mean age was 64 years. Main pre-operative symptoms were: dysphagia (91 percent) and regurgitation (46 percent). All patients were diagnosed with pre-operative barium esophagram and 58 percent (n=15) did upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. There wasn't significant difference related to mean operative time (96 x 99 min), in-hospital stay (5,5 x 5 days), time to initiate oral feeding (7,5 x 4 days), occurrence of esophagocutaneous fistula (35 x 22 percent), dysphagia recurrence (6 x 11 percent), general post-operative complications (41 x 33 percent) and follow up period ( 7,5 x 9 months). The mortality was null. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of Zenker's Diverticulum is a relatively safe therapeutic method, with acceptable morbidity and the results are comparable between diverticulopexy and diverticulectomy.